Jonestime

The four types of toxins from snakes

There are four main toxins that harm or kill in snake venom. They are: neurotoxins, cytotoxins, hemotoxins, and myotoxins. In Asia, we only have to worry about the first three, as myotoxins are only found in certain species of rattlesnakes that are not present on the islands. Let's look at these toxins one by one to help understand how the work.

---

Neurotoxin

Neurotoxic snake venom primarily affect the neuromuscular junction, causing a disruption of neuro-transmission (nerve transmission) to the brain. This results in paralysis of the skeletal muscles. Neurotoxic venom is said to be the deadliest one and depending on the amount injected into the victim, it can kill within 30 minutes. A bite from a snake with this type of venom may show the following conditions or symptoms:

• Drowsiness
• Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelids)
• Frothy Saliva
• Slurred Speech
• Respiratory Failure (Unconsciousness may accompany respiratory failure. These episodes will usually occur within 8 hours of being bit.)
• Paralysis of the Skeletal Muscles

---

Cytotoxin

As the name suggests, a cytotoxic venom kills cells. It causes tissue necrosis, or, in simpler terms, it eats and destroys flesh. This type of venom is not as deadly as hemotoxic or neurotoxic venoms. However, secondary injuries caused, such as loss of limb function and other disabilities, often result from cytotoxic venom.

• Severe Pain
• Edema (fluid retention)
• Severe Blistering
• Severe Tissue Damage
• Can cause chronic Renal Disease

---

Hemotoxin

A Hemotoxin kills red blood cells and the blood's clotting ability by damaging or destroying platelets. This in itself can cause death; however, when mixed with other complex formulas of enzymes, non-enzymatic proteins, and peptides, they all combine to make this venom especially lethal. This type of venom is found in all the pit vipers here and in Southeast Asia, but it is important to note that coming across a pit viper in the Philippines is not common.

• Clammy Skin
• Generalized Hypoxia
• Agitation
• Confusion
• Increased Heart Rate
• Reduced Blood Pressure
• Renal Failure (Oliguria)

Many of these venomous snake have more than one type of toxin, making them even more deadly. Take the Philippine Cobra for example. It has a combination of both Neurotoxins and Cytotoxins in it's venom!

Bites and Prevention

            The first step in mitigating the risks of venomous snake bites is being able to identify these snakes accurately. Characteristics such as triangular-shaped heads, vertical pupils, and specialized heat-sensing pits can often distinguish venomous snakes from non-venomous ones. However, relying solely on these features can be misleading. It is essential to consult local resources or experts for precise identification. Snake bites can occur in various environments, including forests, grasslands, mangroves, the oceans and other waterways, and even in urban areas. Preventing venomous snake bites relies on a combination of awareness and precautionary measures. Individuals venturing into snake habitats should always wear appropriate footwear and clothing, avoid walking in tall grass or underbrush, use a bamboo walking stick to use as defense if a snake surprises you and use a flashlight when moving around at night. Additionally, carrying a snakebite kit containing bandages, antiseptics, and other first aid supplies can be beneficial. Remember... The vast majority of snakes on the Philippine Islands are harmless, and almost all snakes will actively avoid interaction with humans if possible!

---

The Snakes